ORAL FLUID REFERENCES
General
- Aps, JK. and Martens, LC. Review: The Physiology of Saliva and Transfer of Drugs into Saliva. Forensic Sci Int150(2-3):119-131 (2005)
- Busardo, FP. et al. Correlation between Blood and Oral Fluid Psychoactive Drug Concentrations and Cognitive Impairment in Driving under the Influence of Drugs. Curr Neuropharmacol 16(1):84-96 (2018)
- Cone EJ, et al. Prevalence and Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Opioid Treatment Drugs in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 31(8):424-433 (2007)
- Crouch, DJ. Oral Fluid Collection: The Neglected Variable in Oral Fluid Testing. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):165-173 (2005)
- Desrosiers, NA. and Huestis MA. Oral Fluid Drug Testing: Analytical Approaches, Issues and Interpretation of Results. J Anal Toxicol 43(6):415-443 (2019)
- Drummer, OH. Review: Pharmacokinetics of Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluid . Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):133-142 (2005)
- Gjerde, H. et al. Comparison of Drug Concentrations in Blood and Oral Fluid Collected with the Intercept Sampling Device . J Anal Toxicol 34(4):204-209 (2010)
- Heltsely, R. et al. Oral Fluid Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. I. Positive Prevalence Rates of Licit and Illicit Drugs. J Anal Toxicol 35(8):529-540 (2011)
- Heltsely, R. et al. Oral Fluid Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. II. Comparison of Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 36(2):75-80 (2012)
- Langel, K. et al. Comparison of Drug Concentrations Between Whole Blood and Oral Fluid. Drug Test Anal 6(5):461-471 (2014)
- Quintela et al. Recovery of drugs of abuse from the Immunalysis Quantisal oral fluid collection device. J Anal Toxicol 30(8):614-616 (2006)
- Veitenheimer, AM. and Wagner, JR. Evaluation of Oral Fluid as a Specimen for DUID. J Anal Toxicol 41(6):517-522 (2017)
- Vindenes, V. et al. Detection of drugs of abuse in simultaneously collected oral fluid, urine and blood from Norwegian drug drivers. Forensic Sci Int 219(1-3):165-171 (2012)
- Yamahara, H. and Lee, VHL. Drug metabolism in the oral cavity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 12(1-2):25-39 (1993)
Cannabinoids
- Anizan, S. et al. Oral Fluid Cannabinoid Concentrations Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis in Chronic Frequent and Occasional Smokers. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(26):8451-8461 (2013)
- Anizan, S. et al. Impact of Oral Fluid Collection Device on Cannabinoid Stability Following Smoked Cannabis . Drug Test Anal 7(2):114-120 (2015)
- Cone, EJ. et al. Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects. J Anal Toxicol 39(7):497-509 (2015)
- de Castro, A. et al. Assessment of Different Mouthwashes on Cannabis Oral Fluid Concentrations. Drug Test Anal 6(10):1011-1019 (2014)
- Houwing, S. et al. Repeatability of Oral Fluid Collection Methods for THC Measurement. Forensic Sci Int 223(1-3):266-272 (2012)
- Huestis, MA. et al. Relationship of Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Plasma after Controlled Administration of Smoked Cannabis. J Anal Toxicol 28(6):394-399 (2004)
- Lee, D. et al. Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers During Sustained, Monitored Abstinence. Clin Chem 57(8):1127-1136 (2011)
- Lee, D. et al. Cannabinoid Stability in Authentic Oral Fluid After Controlled Cannabis Smoking. Clin Chem 58(7):1101-1109 (2012)
- Lee, D. et al. Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked Cannabis. Clin Chem 58(4):748-756 (2012)
- Milman, G. et al. Disposition of Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid after Controlled Around-the-Clock Oral THC Administration. Clin Chem 56(8):1261-1269 (2010)
- Moore, C. et al. Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid Following Passive Exposure to Marijuana Smoke. Forensic Sci Int 212(1-3):227-230 (2011)
- Niedbala, RS. et al. Detection of Marijuana Use by Oral Fluid and Urine Analysis Following Single-Dose Administration of Smoked and Oral Marijuana. J Anal Toxicol 25(5):289-303 (2001)
- Niedbala, S. et al. Passive Cannabis Smoke Exposure and Oral Fluid Testing. J Anal Toxicol 28(7):546-552 (2004)
- Niedbala, RS. et al. Passive Cannabis Smoke Exposure and Oral Fluid Testing. II. Two Studies of Extreme Cannabis Smoke Exposure in a Motor Vehicle. J Anal Toxicol 29(7):607-615 (2005)
- Odell, MS. et al. Residual cannabis levels in blood, urine and oral fluid following heavy cannabis use. Forensic Sci Int 249:173-180 (2015)
- Scheidweiler, KB. et al. Long-Term Stability of Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid after Controlled Cannabis Administration. Drug Test Anal 9(1):143-147 (2017)
- Swortwood, MJ. et al. Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized, and Oral Cannabis Administration. Drug Test Anal 9(6):905-915 (2017)
- Toennes, SW. et al. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Oral Fluid of Occasional and Chronic Users. J Anal Toxicol 34(4):216-221 (2010)
- Toennes, SW. et al. Influence of Ethanol on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 37(3):152-158 (2013)
- Wille, SMR. et al. Evaluation of Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Detection using DrugWipe5S(®) Screening and Oral Fluid Quantification after Quantisal™ Collection for Roadside Drug Detection via a Controlled Study with Chronic Cannabis Users. Drug Test Anal 7(3):178-186 (2015)
Cocaine
Opioids
- Ardakani, YH. and Rouini, MR. Improved Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and its Three Main Metabolites in Human Plasma, Urine and Saliva. J Pharm Biomed Anal 44(5):1168-1173 (2007)
- Bermejo, AM. et al. Saliva/Plasma Ratio of Methadone and EDDP. J Anal Toxicol 24(1):70-72 (2000)
- Cone, EJ. et al. Prescription Opioids. III. Disposition of Oxycodone in Oral Fluid and Blood Following Controlled Single-Dose Administration. J Anal Toxicol 39(3):192-202 (2015)
- Cone, EJ. et al. Prescription Opioids. IV: Disposition of Hydrocodone in Oral Fluid and Blood Following Single-Dose Administration. J Anal Toxicol 39(7):510-518 (2015)
- Dams, R. et al. Oral Fluid as an Alternative Matrix to Monitor Opiate and Cocaine Use in Substance-Abuse Treatment Patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 87(2-3):258-267 (2007)
- Garnier, M. et al. Selection of an Immunoassay Screening Cutoff Concentration for Opioids in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 35(6):369-374 (2011)
- Gray, TR. et al. Methadone Disposition in Oral Fluid During Pharmacotherapy for Opioid-Dependence. Forensic Sci Int 206(1-3):98-102 (2011)
- Jenkins, AJ. et al. Comparison of Heroin and Cocaine Concentrations in Saliva with Concentrations in Blood and Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 19(6):359-374 (1995)
- Kim, I. et al. Plasma and Oral Fluid Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics after Oral Codeine Administration. Clin Chem 48(9):1486-1496 (2002)
- Moore, C. et al. Interpretation of Oxycodone Concentrations in Oral Fluid. J Opioid Manag 8(3):161-166 (2012)
- O’Neal, CL. et al. Correlation of Saliva Codeine Concentrations with Plasma Concentrations After Oral Codeine Administration. J Anal Toxicol 23(6):452-459 (1999)
- Presley, L. et al. High Prevalence of 6-Acetylmorphine in Morphine-Positive Oral Fluid Specimens. Forensic Sci Int 133(1-2):22-25 (2003)
- Samano, KL, et al. Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds. J Anal Toxicol 39(8):655-661 (2015)
- Tuyay, J. et al. Disposition of Opioids in Oral Fluid: Importance of Chromatography and Mass Spectral Transitions in LC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 4(6):395-401 (2012)
Sympathomimetic Amines
- Andås, HT. et al. Extended Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid. Ther Drug Monit 38(1):114-119 (2016)
- Borg, D. et al. Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid Samples: A Method to Distinguish Licit from Illicit Drug Use. J Anal Toxicol 42(1):25-32 (2018)
- Desrosiers, NA. et al. Oral Fluid and Plasma 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Metabolite Correlation after Controlled Oral MDMA Administration. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(12):4067-4076 (2013)
- Engblom, C. et al. Driving Under the Influence of Drugs - Amphetamine Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Whole Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol31(5):276-280 (2007)
- Laloup, M. et al. Validation of an ELISA-Based Screening Assay for the Detection of Amphetamine, MDMA and MDA in Blood and Oral Fluid. Forensic Sci Int 153(1):29-37 (2005)
- Navarro, M. et al. Usefulness of Saliva for Measurement of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and Effect of Salivary pH. Clin Chem 47(10):1788-1795 (2001)
- Newmeyer, MN. et al. Oral Fluid with Three Modes of Collection and Plasma Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Enantiomer Concentrations after Controlled Intranasal l-Methamphetamine Administration. Drug Test Anal 7(10):877-883 (2015)
- Schepers, RJF. et al. Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Pharmacokinetics in Oral Fluid and Plasma after Controlled Oral Methamphetamine Administration to Human Volunteers. Clin Chem 49(1):121-132 (2003)
- Wood, M. et al. Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Illicit Drugs in Preserved Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):227-238 (2005)
Central Nervous System Depressants
- Arvidsson, M. et al. Drug Abuse Screening with Exhaled Breath and Oral Fluid in Adults with Substance Use Disorder. Drug Test Anal 11(1):27-32 (2019)
- Coulter, C. et al. Determination of carisoprodol and meprobamate in oral fluid. J Anal Toxicol 36(3):217-220 (2012)
- Kempf, J. et al. Pre-Analytical Stability of Selected Benzodiazepines on a Polymeric Oral Fluid Sampling Device. Forensic Sci Int 186(1-3):81-85 (2009)
- Laloup, M. et al. Detection of Diazepam in Urine, Hair and Preserved Oral Fluid Samples with LC-MS-MS after Single and Repeated Administration of Myolastan and Valium. Anal Bioanal Chem 388(7):1545-1556 (2007)
- Samyn, N. et al. Detection of Flunitrazepam and 7-Aminoflunitrazepam in Oral Fluid after Controlled Administration of Rohypnol. J Anal Toxicol 26(4):211-215 (2002)
- Smink, BE. et al. The Concentration of Oxazepam and Oxazepam Glucuronide in Oral Fluid, Blood and Serum after Controlled Administration of 15 and 30 mg Oxazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 66(4):556-560 (2008)
- Temte, V. et al. An Experimental Study of Diazepam and Alprazolam Kinetics in Urine and Oral Fluid Following Single Oral Doses. J Anal Toxicol 43(2):104-111 (2019)
- Vindenes, V. et al. Detection of Nitrobenzodiazepines and their 7-Amino Metabolites in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 40(4):310-312 (2016)
Analytical
- Badawi, N. et al. Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of 29 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultraperformance LC-MS/MS. Clin Chem 55(11):2004-2018 (2009)
- Borg, D. et al. Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid Samples: A Method to Distinguish Licit from Illicit Drug Use. J Anal Toxicol 42(1):25-32 (2018)
- Concheiro, M. et al. Determination of Illicit and Medicinal Drugs and their Metabolites in Oral Fluid and Preserved Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391(6):2329-2338 (2008)
- Desrosiers, NA. et al. Quantification of six cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 7(8):684-694 (2015)
- Di Fazio, V. et al. Driving Under the Influence of Cocaine: Quantitative Determination of Basic Drugs in Oral Fluid Obtained During Roadside Controls and a Controlled Study with Cocaine Users. Drug Test Anal 10(8):1285-1296 (2018)
- Di Rago, M. et al. Ultra-Rapid Targeted Analysis of 40 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by LC-MS/MS using Carbon-13 Isotopes of Methamphetamine and MDMA to Reduce Detector Saturation. Anal Bioanal Chem 408(14):3737-3749 (2016)
- Fritch, D. et al. Identification and Quantitation of Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opiates, and Phencyclidine in Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 33(9):569-577 (2009)
- Kala, SV. et al. Validation of Analysis of Amphetamines, Opiates, Phencyclidine, Cocaine, and Benzoylecgonine in Oral Fluids by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 32(8):605-611 (2008)
- Kankaanpaa, A. et al. Single-Step Procedure for Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Screening and Quantitative Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Related Drugs in Blood, Serum, Oral Fluid and Urine Samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 810(1):57-68 (2004)
- Langel, K. et al. A Validated Method for the Detection and Quantitation of 50 Drugs of Abuse and Medicinal Drugs in Oral Fluid by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 879(13-14):859-870 (2011)
- Maurer, HH. Advances in Analytical Toxicology: The Current Role of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Drug Quantification in Blood and Oral Fluid. Anal Bioanal Chem 381(1):110-118 (2005)
- Newmeyer, MN. et al. Rapid Quantitative Chiral Amphetamines Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method in Plasma and Oral Fluid with a Cost-Effective Chiral Derivatizing Reagent. J Chromatogr A 1358:68-74 (2014)
- Peters, FT. et al. Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases. Clin Chem 53(4):702-710 (2007)
- Scheidweiler, KB. and Huestis, MA. A Validated Gas Chromatographic-Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method for Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Methamphetamine and Metabolites in Oral Fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 835(1-2):90-99 (2006)
- Souza, DZ. et al. Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 696(1-2):67-76 (2011)
- Valen A. et al. Determination of 21 Drugs in Oral Fluid using Fully Automated Supported Liquid Extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 9(5):808-823 (2017)
- Wylie, FM. et al. Drugs in Oral Fluid Part I. Validation of an Analytical Procedure for Licit and Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluid. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):191-198 (2005)
- Wood, M. et al. Development of a Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Amphetamines in Human Plasma and Oral Fluid by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 27(2):78-87 (2003)
- Wood, M. et al. Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Illicit Drugs in Preserved Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):227-238 (2005)
- Zancanaro, I. et al. Prescription and illicit psychoactive drugs in oral fluid–LC-MS/MS method development and analysis of samples from Brazilian drivers. Forensic Sci Int 223(1-3):208-216 (2012)
- Zheng, Y. et al. A Simple Validated Multi-Analyte Method for Detecting Drugs in Oral Fluid by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Drug Test Anal 10(6):1001-1008 (2018)
- Zheng, Y. et al. Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid Samples using a Commercially Available Collection Device: Agreement with Urine Testing and Evaluation of A and B Samples Obtained from Employees at Different Workplace Settings with Uncontrolled Sampling Procedures. J Anal Toxicol 44(9):1004-1011 (2021)
Oral Fluid Screening Devices
- Beirness, DJ. et al. An Assessment of Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices. Can Soc Forensic Sci 50:55-63 (2017)
- Concheiro, M. et al. Morphine and Codeine in Oral Fluid after Controlled Poppy Seed Administration. Drug Test Anal 7(7):586-591 (2015)
- Desrosiers, NA. et al. Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid by On-Site Immunoassay and by GC-MS using Two Different Oral Fluid Collection Devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(17):4117-4128 (2014)
- Ellefsen, KN. et al. Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine Oral Fluid On-Site Screening and Confirmation. Drug Test Anal 8(3-4):296-303 (2016)
- Logan, BK. et al. Detection and Prevalence of Drug Use in Arrested Drivers using the Dräger Drug Test 5000 and Affiniton DrugWipe Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices. J Anal Toxicol 38(7):444-450 (2014)
- Musshoff, F. et al. Performance Evaluation of On-Site Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices in Normal Police Procedure in Germany. Ther Drug Monit 238:120-124 (2014)
- Newmeyer, MN. et al. Oral Fluid with Three Modes of Collection and Plasma Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Enantiomer Concentrations after Controlled Intranasal l-Methamphetamine Administration. Drug Test Anal 7(10):877-883 (2015)
- Newmeyer, MN. et al. Cannabis Edibles: Blood and Oral Fluid Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices for Predicting Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Blood and Oral Fluid Following Cannabis Brownie Administration. Clin Chem 63(3):647-662 (2017)
- Rohrig, TP et al. Roadside drug testing: an evaluation of the Alere DDS® 2 mobile test system. Drug Test Anal 10(4):663-670 (2018)
- Strano-Rossi, R. et al. Evaluation of Four Oral Fluid Devices (DDS®, Drugtest 5000®, Drugwipe 5+® and RapidSTAT®) for On-site Monitoring Drugged Driving in Comparison with UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis. Forensic Sci Int 221(1-3):70-76 (2012)
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