ORAL FLUID REFERENCES

State Programs

Aps, JK. and Martens, LC. Review: The Physiology of Saliva and Transfer of Drugs into Saliva. Forensic Sci Int150(2-3):119-131 (2005)

Busardo, FP. et al. Correlation between Blood and Oral Fluid Psychoactive Drug Concentrations and Cognitive Impairment in Driving under the Influence of Drugs. Curr Neuropharmacol 16(1):84-96 (2018)

Cone EJ, et al. Prevalence and Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Opioid Treatment Drugs in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 31(8):424-433 (2007)

Crouch, DJ. Oral Fluid Collection: The Neglected Variable in Oral Fluid Testing. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):165-173 (2005)

Desrosiers, NA. and Huestis MA. Oral Fluid Drug Testing: Analytical Approaches, Issues and Interpretation of Results. J Anal Toxicol 43(6):415-443 (2019)

Drummer, OH. Review: Pharmacokinetics of Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluid . Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):133-142 (2005)

Gjerde, H. et al. Comparison of Drug Concentrations in Blood and Oral Fluid Collected with the Intercept Sampling Device . J Anal Toxicol 34(4):204-209 (2010)

Heltsely, R. et al. Oral Fluid Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. I. Positive Prevalence Rates of Licit and Illicit Drugs. J Anal Toxicol 35(8):529-540 (2011)

Heltsely, R. et al. Oral Fluid Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. II. Comparison of Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 36(2):75-80 (2012)

Langel, K. et al. Comparison of Drug Concentrations Between Whole Blood and Oral Fluid. Drug Test Anal 6(5):461-471 (2014)

Quintela et al. Recovery of drugs of abuse from the Immunalysis Quantisal oral fluid collection device. J Anal Toxicol 30(8):614-616 (2006)

Veitenheimer, AM. and Wagner, JR. Evaluation of Oral Fluid as a Specimen for DUID. J Anal Toxicol 41(6):517-522 (2017)

Vindenes, V. et al. Detection of drugs of abuse in simultaneously collected oral fluid, urine and blood from Norwegian drug drivers. Forensic Sci Int 219(1-3):165-171 (2012)

Yamahara, H. and Lee, VHL. Drug metabolism in the oral cavity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 12(1-2):25-39 (1993)

Alabama: Harper CE, Hudson JS, Tidwell K, Boswell R, Yong HL, Maxwell AJ. Implementation of the first comprehensive state oral fluid drug testing program for roadside screening and laboratory testing in DUID cases-A 5-year review. J Anal Toxicol. 2023 Nov 1;47(8):694-702.

New York: Sarris GG, Abbott DL, Moreno TM, Maychack KJ, Limoges JF. Development and validation of a simple chromatographic method to screen oral fluid samples for drugs in DUID investigations. J Anal Toxicol. 2024 Oct 28;48(8):528-534.

Position Statements/Guidelines

• AAA. Oral Fluid Field Screening for Law Enforcement. (2022)

• AAA. Use of Oral Fluid to Detect Drugged Drivers. (2023)

• Hochul, Kathy, James Steven G., Dooley, Jill M., NYS Division of State Police Forensic Investigation Center. NYSP Toxicology-Evidential Oral Fluid Testing-FAQs. (2023, March)

• NASID and Responsibility.org. Oral Fluid Field Screening (OFFS) Programs Implementation Checklist. (2011, November).

• NASID and Responsibility.org. Oral Fluid Field Screening Programs Data Checklist. (2024, November).

• NASID and Responsibility.org. Oral fluid screening for impaired drivers NASID Policy Position. (2025, August 26)

• National Safety Council. Drug and Alcohol Impaired Driving Position/Policy Statement. #176. (2022, September)

• NATIONAL SHERIFFS’ ASSOCIATION  SUPPORTS ROADSIDE PRELIMINARY ORAL FLUID TESTING BY PEACE OFFICERS TO DETECT THE RECENT USE OF DRUGS AND TO ESTABLISH  PROBABLE CAUSE FOR ARREST. (2025, January). 

• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Alcohol, Other Drug, and Multiple Drug Use Among Drivers. Safety Research Report SRR-22-02. (2022, December 13)

• SOFT/AAFS Oral Fluid Committee. Oral Fluid Drug Testing Pilot Project Guidelines for DUI/D Investigations. (2020, September 18)

General:

Drug Categories

Cannabinoids

• Anizan, S. et al. Oral Fluid Cannabinoid Concentrations Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis in Chronic Frequent and Occasional Smokers. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(26):8451-8461 (2013)

• Cone, EJ. et al. Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects. J Anal Toxicol 39(7):497-509 (2015)

• de Castro, A. et al. Assessment of Different Mouthwashes on Cannabis Oral Fluid Concentrations. Drug Test Anal 6(10):1011-1019 (2014)

• Houwing, S. et al. Repeatability of Oral Fluid Collection Methods for THC Measurement. Forensic Sci Int 223(1-3):266-272 (2012)

• Huestis, MA. et al. Relationship of Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Plasma after Controlled Administration of Smoked Cannabis. J Anal Toxicol 28(6):394-399 (2004)

• Lee, D. et al. Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers During Sustained, Monitored Abstinence. Clin Chem 57(8):1127-1136 (2011)

• Lee, D. et al. Cannabinoid Stability in Authentic Oral Fluid After Controlled Cannabis Smoking. Clin Chem 58(7):1101-1109 (2012)

• Lee, D. et al. Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked Cannabis. Clin Chem 58(4):748-756 (2012)

• Milman, G. et al. Disposition of Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid after Controlled Around-the-Clock Oral THC Administration. Clin Chem 56(8):1261-1269 (2010)

• Moore, C. et al. Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid Following Passive Exposure to Marijuana Smoke. Forensic Sci Int 212(1-3):227-230 (2011)

• Niedbala, RS. et al. Detection of Marijuana Use by Oral Fluid and Urine Analysis Following Single-Dose Administration of Smoked and Oral Marijuana. J Anal Toxicol 25(5):289-303 (2001)

• Niedbala, S. et al. Passive Cannabis Smoke Exposure and Oral Fluid Testing. J Anal Toxicol 28(7):546-552 (2004)

• Niedbala, RS. et al. Passive Cannabis Smoke Exposure and Oral Fluid Testing. II. Two Studies of Extreme Cannabis Smoke Exposure in a Motor Vehicle. J Anal Toxicol 29(7):607-615 (2005)

• Odell, MS. et al. Residual cannabis levels in blood, urine and oral fluid following heavy cannabis use. Forensic Sci Int 249:173-180 (2015)

• Scheidweiler, KB. et al. Long-Term Stability of Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid after Controlled Cannabis Administration. Drug Test Anal 9(1):143-147 (2017)

• Spindle, TR, et al. Acute Pharmacokinetic Profile of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Human Blood and Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 43:233-258 (2019)

• Swortwood, MJ. et al. Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized, and Oral Cannabis Administration. Drug Test Anal 9(6):905-915 (2017)

• Toennes, SW. et al. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Oral Fluid of Occasional and Chronic Users. J Anal Toxicol 34(4):216-221 (2010)

• Toennes, SW. et al. Influence of Ethanol on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 37(3):152-158 (2013)

Cocaine

• Cone, EJ. et al. Cocaine Disposition in Saliva Following Intravenous, Intranasal, and Smoked Administration. J Anal Toxicol 21(6):465-475 (1997)

• Dams, R. et al. Oral Fluid as an Alternative Matrix to Monitor Opiate and Cocaine Use in Substance-Abuse Treatment Patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 87(2-3):258-267 (2007)

• Di Fazio, V et al. Driving Under the Influence of Cocaine: Quantitative Determination of basic Drugs in Oral Fluid Obtained During Roadside Controls and a Controlled Study with Cocaine Users. Wiley (2018)

• Drummer, OH. Pharmacokinetics of Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluid. Forensic Sci Int 150: 133-142 (2005)

• Ellefsen, KN. et al. Oral Fluid Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine Concentrations Following Controlled Intravenous Cocaine Administration. Forensic Sci Int 260:95-101 (2016)

• Jenkins, AJ. et al. Comparison of Heroin and Cocaine Concentrations in Saliva with Concentrations in Blood and Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 19(6):359-374 (1995)

• Jufer, R. et al. Effect of Repeated Cocaine Administration on Detection Times in Oral Fluid and Urine. J Anal Toxicol 30(7):458-462 (2006)

• Langel, K et al. Comparison of Drug Concentrations Between Whole Blood and Oral Fluid. Drug & Testing Anal (2013)

• Scheidweiler, KB. et al. Pharmacokinetics of Cocaine and Metabolites in Human Oral Fluid and Correlation with Plasma Concentrations after Controlled Administration . Ther Drug Monit 32(5):628-637 (2010)

• Wylie FM, Torrance H, Seymour A, Buttress S, Oliver JS. Drugs in Oral Fluid Part II. Investigtion of Drugs in Drivers. Forensic Sci Int 150:199-204 (2005)

Opioids

• Ardakani, YH. and Rouini, MR. Improved Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and its Three Main Metabolites in Human Plasma, Urine and Saliva. J Pharm Biomed Anal 44(5):1168-1173 (2007)

• Bermejo, AM. et al. Saliva/Plasma Ratio of Methadone and EDDP. J Anal Toxicol 24(1):70-72 (2000)

• Cone, EJ. et al. Prescription Opioids. III. Disposition of Oxycodone in Oral Fluid and Blood Following Controlled Single-Dose Administration. J Anal Toxicol 39(3):192-202 (2015)

• Cone, EJ. et al. Prescription Opioids. IV: Disposition of Hydrocodone in Oral Fluid and Blood Following Single-Dose Administration. J Anal Toxicol 39(7):510-518 (2015)

• Dams, R. et al. Oral Fluid as an Alternative Matrix to Monitor Opiate and Cocaine Use in Substance-Abuse Treatment Patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 87(2-3):258-267 (2007)

• Gray, TR. et al. Methadone Disposition in Oral Fluid During Pharmacotherapy for Opioid-Dependence. Forensic Sci Int 206(1-3):98-102 (2011)

• Heltsley, R et al. Oral Fluid Srug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. I. Positive Prevalence Rates of Licit and Illicit Drugs. J Anal Toxicol 35 (2011)

• Heltsley, R et al. Oral Fluid Srug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. II. Comparison of Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 36:75-80 (2012)

• Herrera-Gomez F, Garcia-Mingo M, Colas M, Gonzalez-Luque JC, Alvarez FJ. Opioids in Oral Fluid of Spanish Drivers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 187:35-39 (2018)

• Jenkins, AJ. et al. Comparison of Heroin and Cocaine Concentrations in Saliva with Concentrations in Blood and Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 19(6):359-374 (1995)

• Kim, I. et al. Plasma and Oral Fluid Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics after Oral Codeine Administration. Clin Chem 48(9):1486-1496 (2002)

• Moore, C. et al. Interpretation of Oxycodone Concentrations in Oral Fluid. J Opioid Manag 8(3):161-166 (2012)

• O’Neal, CL. et al. Correlation of Saliva Codeine Concentrations with Plasma Concentrations After Oral Codeine Administration. J Anal Toxicol 23(6):452-459 (1999)

• Presley, L. et al. High Prevalence of 6-Acetylmorphine in Morphine-Positive Oral Fluid Specimens. Forensic Sci Int 133(1-2):22-25 (2003)

• Samano, KL, et al. Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds. J Anal Toxicol 39(8):655-661 (2015)

• Wylie FM, Torrance H, Seymour A, Buttress S, Oliver JS. Drugs in Oral Fluid Part II. Investigtion of Drugs in Drivers. Forensic Sci Int 150:199-204 (2005)

Sympathomimetic Amines

• Andås, HT. et al. Extended Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid. Ther Drug Monit 38(1):114-119 (2016)

• Borg, D. et al. Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid Samples: A Method to Distinguish Licit from Illicit Drug Use. J Anal Toxicol 42(1):25-32 (2018)

• Desrosiers, NA. et al. Oral Fluid and Plasma 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Metabolite Correlation after Controlled Oral MDMA Administration. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(12):4067-4076 (2013)

• Drummer, OH. Pharmacokinetics of Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluid. Forensic Sci Int 150: 133-142 (2005)

• Engblom, C. et al. Driving Under the Influence of Drugs - Amphetamine Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Whole Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol31(5):276-280 (2007)

• Laloup, M. et al. Validation of an ELISA-Based Screening Assay for the Detection of Amphetamine, MDMA and MDA in Blood and Oral Fluid. Forensic Sci Int 153(1):29-37 (2005)

• Navarro, M. et al. Usefulness of Saliva for Measurement of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and Effect of Salivary pH. Clin Chem 47(10):1788-1795 (2001)

• Newmeyer, MN. et al. Oral Fluid with Three Modes of Collection and Plasma Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Enantiomer Concentrations after Controlled Intranasal l-Methamphetamine Administration. Drug Test Anal 7(10):877-883 (2015)

• Schepers, RJF. et al. Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Pharmacokinetics in Oral Fluid and Plasma after Controlled Oral Methamphetamine Administration to Human Volunteers. Clin Chem 49(1):121-132 (2003)

• Wood, M. et al. Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Illicit Drugs in Preserved Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):227-238 (2005)

Central Nervous System Depressants

• Arvidsson, M. et al. Drug Abuse Screening with Exhaled Breath and Oral Fluid in Adults with Substance Use Disorder. Drug Test Anal 11(1):27-32 (2019)

• Coulter, C. et al. Determination of carisoprodol and meprobamate in oral fluid. J Anal Toxicol 36(3):217-220 (2012)

• Feng X, Chen H, Xiang P, Shen M. Zolpidem and Zolpidem Phenyl-4-carboxylic Acid Pharmacokinetics in Oral Fluid after a Single Dose. Wiley (2019)

• Fritch D, Blum K, Nonnemacher S, Haggerty B, Sullivan M, Cone EJ. Identification and Quantitation of Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opiates, and Phencyclidine in Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatogrpahy-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 33 (2009)

• Heltsley, R et al. Oral Fluid Srug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. I. Positive Prevalence Rates of Licit and Illicit Drugs. J Anal Toxicol 35 (2011)

• Heltsley, R et al. Oral Fluid Srug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients. II. Comparison of Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 36:75-80 (2012)

• Jang, M et al. Development of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 25 Benzodiazepines and Zolpidem in Oral Fluid and its Application to Authentic Samples from Regular Drug Users. J Pharm and Biomed Anal 74:213-222 (2013)

• Laloup, M. et al. Detection of Diazepam in Urine, Hair and Preserved Oral Fluid Samples with LC-MS-MS after Single and Repeated Administration of Myolastan and Valium. Anal Bioanal Chem 388(7):1545-1556 (2007)

• Samyn, N. et al. Detection of Flunitrazepam and 7-Aminoflunitrazepam in Oral Fluid after Controlled Administration of Rohypnol. J Anal Toxicol 26(4):211-215 (2002)

• Smink, BE. et al. The Concentration of Oxazepam and Oxazepam Glucuronide in Oral Fluid, Blood and Serum after Controlled Administration of 15 and 30 mg Oxazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 66(4):556-560 (2008)

• Temte, V. et al. An Experimental Study of Diazepam and Alprazolam Kinetics in Urine and Oral Fluid Following Single Oral Doses. J Anal Toxicol 43(2):104-111 (2019)

• Vindenes, V. et al. Detection of Nitrobenzodiazepines and their 7-Amino Metabolites in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 40(4):310-312 (2016)

• Zancanaro I et al. Prescription and Illicit Psychoactive Drugs in Oral Fluid - LC-MS/MS Method Development and Analysis of Samples from Brazilian Drivers. Forensic Sci Int 223:208-216 (2012)

Analytical 

• Badawi, N. et al. Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of 29 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultraperformance LC-MS/MS. Clin Chem 55(11):2004-2018 (2009)

• Borg, D. et al. Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid Samples: A Method to Distinguish Licit from Illicit Drug Use. J Anal Toxicol 42(1):25-32 (2018)

• Concheiro, M. et al. Determination of Illicit and Medicinal Drugs and their Metabolites in Oral Fluid and Preserved Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391(6):2329-2338 (2008)

• Coulter, C., Garnier, M., Moore, C. Analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite, carboxy-THC, in oral fluid using LC-MS-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36:413-417 (2012)

• Desrosiers, NA. et al. Quantification of six cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 7(8):684-694 (2015)

• Di Fazio, V. et al. Driving Under the Influence of Cocaine: Quantitative Determination of Basic Drugs in Oral Fluid Obtained During Roadside Controls and a Controlled Study with Cocaine Users. Drug Test Anal 10(8):1285-1296 (2018)

• Di Rago, M. et al. Ultra-Rapid Targeted Analysis of 40 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by LC-MS/MS using Carbon-13 Isotopes of Methamphetamine and MDMA to Reduce Detector Saturation. Anal Bioanal Chem 408(14):3737-3749 (2016)

• Fritch, D. et al. Identification and Quantitation of Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opiates, and Phencyclidine in Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 33(9):569-577 (2009)

• Garnier, M. et al. Selection of an Immunoassay Screening Cutoff Concentration for Opioids in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 35(6):369-374 (2011)

• Kala, SV. et al. Validation of Analysis of Amphetamines, Opiates, Phencyclidine, Cocaine, and Benzoylecgonine in Oral Fluids by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 32(8):605-611 (2008)

• Kankaanpaa, A. et al. Single-Step Procedure for Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Screening and Quantitative Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Related Drugs in Blood, Serum, Oral Fluid and Urine Samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 810(1):57-68 (2004)

• Langel, K. et al. A Validated Method for the Detection and Quantitation of 50 Drugs of Abuse and Medicinal Drugs in Oral Fluid by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 879(13-14):859-870 (2011)

• Maurer, HH. Advances in Analytical Toxicology: The Current Role of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Drug Quantification in Blood and Oral Fluid. Anal Bioanal Chem 381(1):110-118 (2005)

• Moore, C., Rana, S., Coulter, C., Day, D., Vincent, M., Soares, J. Detection of conjugated 11-nor-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in oral fluid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 31:187-194 (2007)

• Newmeyer, MN. et al. Rapid Quantitative Chiral Amphetamines Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method in Plasma and Oral Fluid with a Cost-Effective Chiral Derivatizing Reagent. J Chromatogr A 1358:68-74 (2014)

• Peters, FT. et al. Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases. Clin Chem 53(4):702-710 (2007)

• Sarris, G.G., Abbott, D.L., Moreno, T.M., Maychack, K.J., Limoges, J.F. Development and validation of a simple chromatographic method to screen oral fluid samples for drugs in DUID investigations. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 48:528-534 (2024)

• Scheidweiler, KB. and Huestis, MA. A Validated Gas Chromatographic-Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method for Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Methamphetamine and Metabolites in Oral Fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 835(1-2):90-99 (2006)

• Souza, DZ. et al. Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 696(1-2):67-76 (2011)

• Tuyay, J. et al. Disposition of Opioids in Oral Fluid: Importance of Chromatography and Mass Spectral Transitions in LC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 4(6):395-401 (2012)

• Valen A. et al. Determination of 21 Drugs in Oral Fluid using Fully Automated Supported Liquid Extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 9(5):808-823 (2017)

• Wylie, FM. et al. Drugs in Oral Fluid Part I. Validation of an Analytical Procedure for Licit and Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluid. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):191-198 (2005)

• Wood, M. et al. Development of a Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Amphetamines in Human Plasma and Oral Fluid by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 27(2):78-87 (2003)

• Wood, M. et al. Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Illicit Drugs in Preserved Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):227-238 (2005)

• Zancanaro, I. et al. Prescription and illicit psychoactive drugs in oral fluid–LC-MS/MS method development and analysis of samples from Brazilian drivers. Forensic Sci Int 223(1-3):208-216 (2012)

• Zheng, Y. et al. A Simple Validated Multi-Analyte Method for Detecting Drugs in Oral Fluid by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Drug Test Anal 10(6):1001-1008 (2018)

• Zheng, Y. et al. Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid Samples using a Commercially Available Collection Device: Agreement with Urine Testing and Evaluation of A and B Samples Obtained from Employees at Different Workplace Settings with Uncontrolled Sampling Procedures. J Anal Toxicol 44(9):1004-1011 (2021)

Oral Fluid Screening Devices

• Beirness, DJ. et al. An Assessment of Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices. Can Soc Forensic Sci 50:55-63 (2017)

• Buzby, D., Mohr, A. L. A., Logan, B. K., & Lothridge, K. L. (2021, April). Evaluation of on-site oral fluid drug screening technology (Report No. DOT HS 812 854). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

• Concheiro, M. et al. Morphine and Codeine in Oral Fluid after Controlled Poppy Seed Administration. Drug Test Anal 7(7):586-591 (2015)

• Desrosiers, NA. et al. Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid by On-Site Immunoassay and by GC-MS using Two Different Oral Fluid Collection Devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(17):4117-4128 (2014)

• Ellefsen, KN. et al. Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine Oral Fluid On-Site Screening and Confirmation. Drug Test Anal 8(3-4):296-303 (2016)

• Gjerde, H. H., Clausen, G. B., Andreassen, E., & Furuhaugen1, H. (2018, February 2). Evaluation of Dräger DrugTest 5000 in a Naturalistic Setting. 

• Kempf, J. et al. Pre-Analytical Stability of Selected Benzodiazepines on a Polymeric Oral Fluid Sampling Device. Forensic Sci Int 186(1-3):81-85 (2009)

• Krotulski, A. J., Mohr, A. L. A., Friscia, M., & Logan, B. K. (2017, December 28). Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the AlereTM DDS®2 Mobile Test System with Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Willow Grove; Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation,. 

• Logan, BK. et al. Detection and Prevalence of Drug Use in Arrested Drivers using the Dräger Drug Test 5000 and Affiniton DrugWipe Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices. J Anal Toxicol 38(7):444-450 (2014)

• Musshoff, F. et al. Performance Evaluation of On-Site Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices in Normal Police Procedure in Germany. Ther Drug Monit 238:120-124 (2014)

• Newmeyer, MN. et al. Oral Fluid with Three Modes of Collection and Plasma Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Enantiomer Concentrations after Controlled Intranasal l-Methamphetamine Administration. Drug Test Anal 7(10):877-883 (2015)

• Newmeyer, MN. et al. Cannabis Edibles: Blood and Oral Fluid Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices for Predicting Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Blood and Oral Fluid Following Cannabis Brownie Administration. Clin Chem 63(3):647-662 (2017)

• Rohrig, TP et al. Roadside drug testing: an evaluation of the Alere DDS® 2 mobile test system. Drug Test Anal 10(4):663-670 (2018)

• Schulze, H., Schumacher, M., Urmeew, R., Alvarez, J., Bernhoft, I. M., de Gier, H. D. G., Hagenzieker, M.,Houwing, S., Knoche, A., Pilgerstorfer, M., & Zlender, B. (2012). Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines in Europe — findings from the DRUID project. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. DRUID Thematic Papers

• Strano-Rossi, R. et al. Evaluation of Four Oral Fluid Devices (DDS®, Drugtest 5000®, Drugwipe 5+® and RapidSTAT®) for On-site Monitoring Drugged Driving in Comparison with UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis. Forensic Sci Int 221(1-3):70-76 (2012)

• Verstraete, A. G., & Raes, E. (2006). Rosita-2 project: Final report. Academia Press. 

• Verstraete, A., MAES, V., CHARLIER, C., GRENEZ, O. (1999). ROSITA Roadside Testing Assessment. EU Project. 1999, www.rosita.org

• Wille, SMR. et al. Evaluation of Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Detection using DrugWipe5S(®) Screening and Oral Fluid Quantification after Quantisal™ Collection for Roadside Drug Detection via a Controlled Study with Chronic Cannabis Users. Drug Test Anal 7(3):178-186 (2015)

Oral Fluid Confirmation Devices

Oral Fluid Stability

• Anizan, S., Bergamaschi, M.M., Barnes, A.J., Milman, G., Desrosiers, N., Lee, D., Gorelick, D.A., Huestis, M.A. (2015) Impact of oral fluid collection device on cannabinoid stability following smoked cannabis. Drug Testing and Analysis, 7, 114-120

• Cohier, C., Megarbane, B., Roussel, O. (2017) Illicit drugs in oral fluid: Evaluation of two collection devices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 41, 71-76.

• Da Cunha, K.F., Oliveira, K.D., Huestis, M.A., Costa, J.L. (2020) Screening of 104 new psychoactive substances and other drugs of abuse in oral fluid by LC-MS-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 44, 697-707. 

• Jang, M., Chang, H., Yang, W., Choi, H., Kim, E., Yu, B., Oh, Y., Chung, H. (2013) Development of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 25 benzodiazepines and zolpidem in oral fluid and its application to authentic samples from regular drug users. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 74, 213-222. 

• Langel, K., Engbom, C., Pehrsson, A., Gunnar, T., Ariniemi, K., Lillsunde, P. (2008) Drug testing in oral fluid – Evaluation of sample collection devices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 32, 393-401.

• Lee, D., Milman, G., Schwope, D.M., Barnes, A.J., Gorelick, D.A., Huestis, M.A. (2012) Cannabinoid stability in authentic oral fluid after controlled cannabis smoking. Clinical Chemistry, 58, 1101-1109. 

• Marchei, E., Malaca, S., Graziano, S., Gottardi, M, Pichini, S., Busardo, F.P. (2020) Stability and degradation pathways of different psychoactive drugs in neat and buffered oral fluid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 44, 570-579.

• Riggio, M., Dave, K.A., Koscak, B., Blakey, M, Appleton, C. (2021) Impact of Quantisal® oral fluid collection device on drug stability. Frontiers in Toxicology, 3, 1-8. 

• Scheidweiler, K.B., Andersson, M., Swortwood, M.J., Sempio, C., Huestis, M. (2017) Long-term stability of cannabinoids in oral fluid after controlled cannabis administration. Drug Testing & Analysis, 9, 143-147. 

• Ventura, M., Pichini, S., Ventura, R., Zuccaro, P., Pacifici, R., de la Torre, R. (2007) Stability studies of principal illicit drugs in oral fluid: Preparation of reference materials for external quality assessment schemes. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 29, 662-665.